Tourism Activities and Sustainability of Tourist Sites in Cross River State, Nigeria.

Abstract

The sustainability of tourist sites is a crucial aspect of tourism management, ensuring the economic, social, and environmental well-being of destinations. Sustainable tourism is essential for stakeholders whose interactions shape the outcomes of tourism activities. Tourism requires a balance among the natural environment, social environment, cultural heritage, and economic factors related to tourism (Bramwell, 2021). Sustainable tourism is defined as the set of physical, biological, social, and economic conditions that guarantee the continuity of tourist activity, maintaining productivity and visitor satisfaction for present and future generations. Cross River State boasts numerous tourist sites, making it a unique destination that attracts visitors seeking recreation and cultural experiences. Tourism is a significant socio-economic sector globally, expanding at an average annual rate of 4–5% and accounting for approximately 7% of global investment (Cole, 2018). In recognition of its tourism potential, the Cross River State government has invested heavily in developing tourist sites to align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The state’s tourism strategy includes both natural and cultural attractions. Obi (2016) reported that notable sites include the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Obudu Mountain Resort, Cross River National Park, the Nkarasi Monoliths, Agbokim Waterfalls, Kwa Falls, Mary Slessor Tomb, Millennium Park, the Cultural Centre Complex, and the U. J. Esuene Stadium. These sites have drawn numerous visitors over the years. The development of sustainable tourism infrastructure was championed during the administration of former governor Donald Duke (1999–2007). Investments included road construction, electricity provision, hospitality training, and the establishment of the Cross River State Tourism Bureau in 2003, tasked with converting tourism potentials into viable economic activities. Initiatives such as the street carnival and Obudu Mountain Race increased visitor inflows and stimulated growth in hotels and transport services. Tourism is increasingly recognized as a driver of regional development, employment, and poverty alleviation (Fred, 2018). Its sustainability depends on complementary services, including hotels, communication, and commerce, which enhance tourist comfort and satisfaction (Kin, 2016; Luca, 2016). Cross River State hosts cultural events with tourism undertones, such as the Calabar Carnival, Leboku New Yam Festival, Christmas celebrations, sports events, and the Obudu International Mountain Race. Ibo (2016) defined tourism broadly to include recreation, leisure, festivals, business trips, education, and adventure activities.