Transdisciplinary Journal of Education & Sustainable Development Studies
The Transdisciplinary Journal of Education and Sustainable Development Studies (TJESDS) is an open-access, peer-reviewed platform dedicated to advancing knowledge and practice in education and sustainability. As the climate crises grow increasingly complex and the need for integrated and inclusive research has never been more urgent. TJESDS emerges in response to this need, embracing a holistic vision rooted in sustainability. Thus, the journal has its core mandate in the following areas. The Environmental and Health Perspective serves as a foundational pillar, highlighting the interdependence between ecological systems and human well-being. The journal encourages research on biodiversity, climate change, pollution, environmental health risks, and sustainable natural resource management- especially as they affect public health outcomes.
Department of Education Geography and Sustainable Development Studies, College of Education, University of Calabar, Nigeria
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Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Recreational Facilities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examined the factors affecting the sustainability of recreational facilities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Recreational facilities play significant roles in promoting tourism, physical well-being, environmental quality, social interaction, and economic development. However, many recreational facilities in Nigerian cities face serious sustainability challenges due to inadequate funding, poor maintenance culture, rapid urbanization, insecurity, environmental degradation, and weak government policies. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, and field observations conducted among facility managers, users, tourism officials, and residents in Calabar Municipality and Calabar South Local Government Areas. Secondary data were sourced from journals, textbooks, government publications, and online materials. Findings revealed that inadequate funding, poor maintenance practices, lack of government support, insufficient skilled personnel, vandalism, insecurity, and population pressure were the major factors affecting the sustainability of recreational facilities in the study area. The study further revealed that sustainable recreational facilities contribute significantly to tourism development, employment generation, environmental conservation, and community health. The study recommended increased government investment, publicprivate partnerships, improved maintenance culture, community participation, effective security systems, and implementation of sustainable management policies for recreational facilities in Calabar.
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From Smart Tools to Superior Satisfaction: Examining the Role of Digital Innovation Variety in Enhancing Service Delivery Outcomes in Hotels
The increasing integration of digital technologies into hotel operations has transformed service delivery processes and reshaped customer expectations, making digital innovation a critical determinant of competitiveness in the hospitality industry. This study examined the effect of digital innovation variety on service delivery outcomes, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty among hotel customers and employees. Guided by the Resource-Based View (RBV), Service-Dominant Logic (SDL), and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study adopted a quantitative cross-sectional survey design involving 500 respondents, comprising hotel guests (64%), managers (18%), and front-office employees (18%) from three-, four-, and five-star hotels. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability and validity assessments, correlation analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results revealed high levels of digital innovation variety (M = 4.12), service efficiency (M = 4.05), service quality (M = 4.10), customer experience (M = 4.18), customer satisfaction (M = 4.22), and customer loyalty (M = 4.15). Reliability and validity measures confirmed the robustness of the measurement model, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.86 to 0.91 and AVE values between 0.66 and 0.74. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships among all constructs, with customer experience exhibiting the strongest association with customer satisfaction (r = 0.85). Structural model results indicated that digital innovation variety significantly influences service efficiency (β = 0.72, t = 14.21, p < 0.001), service quality (β = 0.75, t = 15.03, p < 0.001), and customer experience (β = 0.78, t = 16.12, p < 0.001). Additionally, service efficiency (β = 0.41), service quality (β = 0.46), and customer experience (β = 0.52) significantly predicted customer satisfaction, while customer satisfaction exerted a strong positive effect on customer loyalty (β = 0.87, t = 18.45, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis further revealed that service delivery outcomes partially mediate the relationship between digital innovation variety and customer satisfaction (indirect effect = 0.68), while customer satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between digital innovation variety and customer loyalty (indirect effect = 0.76). The SEM model demonstrated excellent fit (CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.045, SRMR = 0.041). The study concludes that a diverse and integrated digital innovation portfolio enhances service performance, strengthens customer satisfaction, and promotes long-term loyalty, thereby providing hotels with a sustainable competitive advantage in an increasingly digital hospitality environment.
Digital Transformation and Customer Loyalty in Hospitality: The Mediating Role of Guest Satisfaction and Revisit Intentions in Calabar Hotels, Nigeria
This study examines how digital transformation influences customer loyalty in the hospitality sector, with particular emphasis on the mediating roles of guest satisfaction and revisit intention within an emerging leisure destination. Drawing on an integrated framework combining the Technology Acceptance Model and the Stimulus Organism Response perspective, the study conceptualizes digital transformation as a key driver of both cognitive evaluations and experiential outcomes. Data were collected from hotel guests in Calabar, Nigeria, and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that the measurement model achieved strong reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78–0.91) and convergent validity (AVE = 0.52–0.74), while the structural model demonstrated good fit (χ²/df = 2.41, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.058). Digital transformation significantly influenced perceived usefulness (β = 0.68) and perceived ease of use (β = 0.72), both of which positively affected satisfaction (β = 0.41; β = 0.36). Satisfaction strongly predicted revisit intention (β = 0.64), which in turn drove customer loyalty (β = 0.71). Mediation analysis confirmed significant indirect effects of digital transformation on revisit intention (β = 0.26) and of satisfaction on loyalty through revisit intention (β = 0.45). The study contributes to leisure research by demonstrating how digitally mediated service environments shape both experiential quality and behavioral outcomes. It further highlights the importance of usability and value creation in emerging destinations. Practically, the findings suggest that hospitality providers should focus on intuitive and reliable digital solutions while maintaining strong human interaction to enhance satisfaction, encourage repeat visitation, and build sustainable customer loyalty.
Influence of Training of Facilitators in Enhancing Quality Assurance in Adult Education Programmes in South-South, Nigeria
This study examined the influence of training of facilitators in enhancing quality assurance in adult education programmes in South-South, Nigeria. One research question and one hypothesis guided the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study consisted of 1926 respondents (36 directors; 360 supervisors; and 1530 facilitators of State Agencies for Mass Literacy Adult and Non-Formal Education in South-South, Nigeria. A sample of 702 respondents (36 directors, 360 supervisors and 306 facilitators) was drawn for the study using proportionate stratified sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was the structured questionnaire developed by the researchers titled “Influence of Training of Facilitators in Enhancing Quality Assurance in Adult Education Programmes Questionnaire” (ITFEQAAEPQ). The instruments were validated by three experts, two from the Department of Continuing Education and Development Studies and one from the Department of Science Education (Measurement and Evaluation Unit), all in the Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. A reliability coefficient of 0.74 was established as a measure of internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha statistics. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation in testing research questions while ANOVA was used in testing hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study showed among others that training of facilitators has been used to enhance quality assurance in adult education programmes in South-South, Nigeria to a low extent. From the findings of this study, it was recommended among others that facilitators of mass literacy, adult and non- formal education centres should be regularly trained to enhance quality assurance in adult education programmes
Improving the Contributions of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) to Health Care Programmes in South-South, Nigeria
The study investigated the contributions of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) to health care programmes in South-South, Nigeria. One research question and one guided the study. The sequential explanatory mixed method (Quantitative and Qualitative) design was adopted for this study. The population of this study comprised 10,123 respondents (3,356 youth associations executives; 6,310 registered Community Development (CD) associations/committee executives; and 457 NDDC staff) in South-South, Nigeria. The sample for this study was 478 respondents which comprised 129 Youth Associations’ Executives;133 Registered CD Associations/Committee Executives; and 222 NDDC staff across the four selected States in South-South Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Delta and Rivers). The instrument for data collection was self-questionnaire titled; “Improving Health Care Programmes Questionnaire (HCPQ). Three experts validated the instruments, two from the Department of Adult Education and Extra-Mural Studies and one from the Department of Science Education (Measurement and Evaluation Unit), all in the Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. A reliability coefficient of 0.85 was established as a measure of internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha statistic. Data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation in testing research question while ANOVA was used in testing hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings from the study revealed among others that Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) has contributed to health care programmes to a low extent in South-South, Nigeria. Following the findings of this study, it was recommended among others that NDDC should establish and give maximum support to the various health care programmes in South-South, Nigeria.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Community Participation in Sustainable Forest Resource Management: Integrating Participatory Development and CBNRM Perspectives in Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examined the influence of education level and economic dependence on forest resources on community participation in sustainable forest resource management (SFRM) in the Central Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. A correlational research design was adopted, and data were collected from 521 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression were employed for data analysis. The results revealed a significant effect of education level on participation, F (2, 518) = 103.12, p < .001. Post hoc analysis revealed that respondents with intermediate and higher education levels participated more than those with only basic education. No significant difference was observed between intermediate and higher education groups, indicating a threshold effect: participation increases once education rises above the basic level, but further increases in education beyond this point do not notably boost participation. This suggests a plateau, where passing a certain educational threshold is sufficient for maximal participation. Furthermore, a very strong positive relationship was found between economic dependence and participation (r = .995, p < .001). Economic dependence significantly predicted participation, explaining 99.0% of the variance (R² = .990). The findings are interpreted through the Health Belief Model (HBM), Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), and Participatory Development Theory, suggesting that participation is driven by the interaction of knowledge (education), livelihood incentives (dependence), and risk–benefit perceptions. However, the unusually high explanatory power indicates possible construct overlap or common method bias, warranting cautious interpretation. The study concludes that enhancing functional education and aligning livelihood incentives with conservation goals are critical for strengthening community participation in SFRM. It recommends targeted environmental education, strengthened tenure and benefit-sharing systems, and integrated livelihood strategies to promote sustainable forest governance.
Institutional Support, Household Ecotourism Income, and Environmental Awareness in Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examined the relationship between institutional support, household ecotourism income, and environmental awareness among host community members in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the increasing environmental challenges confronting eco-hotspot communities despite ongoing ecotourism and conservation initiatives within the state. Specifically, the study investigated the extent to which household income generated from ecotourism and government support for ecotourism development influence environmental awareness among residents of host communities. A quantitative research approach employing a correlational survey design was adopted for the study. The study was conducted in selected eco-hotspot communities surrounding the Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, and Mbe Mountains Community Forest. The target population comprised 76,704 residents from 25 Support Zone Communities adjoining the protected areas. A sample size of 820 respondents was selected through purposive, stratified, proportionate, and convenience sampling techniques. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled Questionnaire on Eco-Tourism and Environmental Awareness among Rural Communities in the Eco-Hotspot Communities of Cross River State. Data analysis was carried out using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that household income generated from ecotourism had a significant relationship with environmental awareness among host community members (r = .113, p < .05). The study further showed that government support for ecotourism development was significantly related to environmental awareness (r = .102, p < .05). The study concluded that institutional support and household economic benefits derived from ecotourism contribute significantly to environmental awareness and sustainable conservation behaviour in eco-hotspot communities of Cross River State. The study recommended stronger institutional support, improved environmental education, equitable benefit-sharing, and expanded community participation in ecotourism programmes to enhance environmental sustainability and conservation outcomes.
Assessing The Role of Eco-Tourism in Promoting Environmental Awareness in Eco-Hotpots Communities of Cross River State. Nigeria
This study examined the role of eco-tourism in promoting environmental awareness among residents of eco-hotspot communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the persistent environmental degradation in protected areas despite increasing eco-tourism and conservation initiatives within the state. Specifically, the study investigated the relationship between community participation in eco-tourism activities, access to educational components in eco-tourism initiatives, frequency of eco-tourism events, and environmental awareness among host community members. A correlational research design within a quantitative approach was adopted for the study. The population comprised 76,704 residents from 25 Support Zone Communities surrounding the Okwangwo Division of the Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, and Mbe Mountains Community Forest. A sample size of 820 respondents was selected using a multi-stage sampling technique involving purposive, stratified, proportionate, and accidental sampling procedures. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled Questionnaire on Eco-Tourism and Environmental Awareness among Rural Communities in the Eco-Hotspot Communities of Cross River State. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) at the .05 level of significance. The findings revealed significant relationships between community participation in eco-tourism activities and environmental awareness (r = .109, p < .05), access to educational components and environmental awareness (r = .117, p < .05), as well as frequency of eco-tourism events and environmental awareness (r = .111, p < .05). The study concluded that eco-tourism significantly contributes to environmental awareness and conservation consciousness among residents of eco-hotspot communities in Cross River State. The study recommended increased community participation, strengthened environmental education programmes, and regular eco-tourism sensitization activities to enhance environmental sustainability and conservation practices within host communities.
Sex Differential in Brain Drain Issues Among Universities Lecturers in South-South Nigeria.
The study investigated the sex differential in brain drain issues among Universities lecturers in South-South Nigeria. One research question was answered. The study adopted a descriptive survey design with a population of 9,714 lecturers from 12 (5 federal and 7 states) universities in south-south states. The sample of the study comprised of 7,571 lecturers from 7 (3 federal and 4 state) universities selected by the researcher using a multi-stage sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was lecturers inventory checklist (LIC). Results showed that T brain drain is more among male lecturers than the female counterparts, it was recommended that university management should create a supportive and inclusive work environment that can act as a catalyst to brain drain and government should look into the welfare of lecturers in line with other countries and also help allocate resources to areas that need improvement.
Influence of Hygiene Attributes on Staff Outlet Selection and Constraints to Hygiene Compliance in Campus-Based Fast-Food Services
This study examined the influence of hygiene attributes on staff outlet selection and the constraints to hygiene compliance in campus-based fast-food services within the University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. The study was guided by two research questions. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised 415 academic and non-academic staff drawn from the Faculty of Social Sciences and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, including departments such as Economics, Sociology, Political Science, Geography, Architecture, and others, alongside selected registered fast-food outlets including Tourism Kitchen, Mma Okon Kitchen, and outlets located in Hall Two. A sample size of 212 respondents (with 189 valid responses returned) was determined using one-half of the population and selected through a combination of convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Convenience sampling was used to administer questionnaires to staff patronizing the outlets, while purposive sampling was used to select registered fast-food outlets relevant to the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and supported by field assistants over a one-month period. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, specifically mean and standard deviation, to answer the research questions. The findings revealed that hygiene attributes such as environmental cleanliness, proper food handling practices, personal hygiene of food handlers, availability of sanitation facilities, food freshness, and regular cleaning routines significantly influence staff choice of fast-food outlets. Clean and well-maintained environments were identified as the most important determinants of outlet selection. The study further revealed that several challenges hinder effective hygiene compliance, including inadequate staff training, weak supervision, limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities, poor waste management systems, and inconsistent enforcement of hygiene standards. It was also observed that some outlets adhered to hygiene practices only during inspection periods, indicating inconsistencies in sustained compliance. The study concluded that while hygiene attributes play a critical role in shaping staff preferences for fast-food outlets, multiple operational and structural constraints limit consistent hygiene compliance in campus-based food services. The study recommended continuous staff training, strengthened monitoring and supervision, improved provision of sanitation infrastructure, and stricter enforcement of food safety regulations to enhance hygiene compliance and overall service quality.
Stress Management among Nurses managing burns patients in National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu
This study was carried out to assess stress management among nurses managing burns patients in National Orthopaedic hospital Enugu. The research was guided by the three research questions and the objectives which aimed at identifying the stressful situations among nurses and factors contributing to nurse stress and procedures used in managing stress. Related literatures were reviewed and descriptive research design was used for this study. The total population of the 82 burns and plastic nurses were used for the study. A self-structured questionnaire with close ended questions to collect data for this study was used. Data gotten was analyzed using the statistical package of social science (SPSS) version 24 into frequency and simple percentage. The findings revealed that (3.6%) observed that standing for long hours dressing burns patient. (3.5%) had high job demand which ranked the highest (2.5%) indicated that break, casual or annual leave can help and reduce the stressful situation in NOHE. Based on the findings, recommendations were made which include, the need to give incentives to nurses managing burns patient, hospital management should support nurses who are interested in Burns and Plastic training in order to reduce job demand in NOHE. Encouragement of work shape for nurses, and employment of more nurses in other to reduce the work load on burns and plastic nurses.
Hygiene Compliance in Fast Food Outlets in the University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria: The Role of Operational Challenges and Staff Satisfaction
This study examines the relationship between hygiene compliance and staff satisfaction in fast food outlets within the University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested to establish the significance of relationships between staff perceived hygiene levels, challenges of hygiene compliance, and staff satisfaction. The study adopted a descriptive research design, the study collected data through structured questionnaires administered to staff and observational checklists from selected fast-food outlets within the university environment. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation analysis. Findings revealed that hygiene practices in fast food outlets within the University of Calabar vary significantly, with many outlets demonstrating inconsistent compliance in key areas such as handwashing, food handling, waste disposal, and facility cleanliness. Staff perceptions indicated moderate levels of hygiene adherence, with several respondents reporting concerns about inadequate sanitation practices and poor maintenance of cooking environments. The study further found that staff satisfaction was closely linked to hygiene standards; outlets with visible sanitation protocols and regular monitoring recorded higher employee morale and commitment. Additionally, hygiene factors such as the availability of clean water, proper waste management systems, use of protective clothing, and regular health inspections were identified as major determinants of staff choice and patronage. However, the study also identified significant challenges hindering effective hygiene compliance, including inadequate infrastructure, irregular water supply, insufficient training of food handlers, and weak regulatory enforcement. These challenges not only reduce staff satisfaction but also pose risks to public health and the overall quality of service delivery. The study concludes that improving hygiene compliance in fast food outlets is essential for enhancing staff satisfaction, ensuring food safety, and promoting sustainable operations. It recommends that outlet operators and university authorities strengthen training, institutional support, and regular monitoring systems to ensure consistent hygiene practices, thereby fostering a healthier and more productive campus food environment.
Deployment and Effectiveness of Emerging Technologies in Enhancing Safety and Security Across Selected Tourist Destinations in Cross River State, Nigeria.
This study examined the deployment and effectiveness of emerging technologies in enhancing safety and security across selected tourist destinations in Cross River State, Nigeria. Adopting a multi-sited exploratory sequential mixed-methods design, data were collected from 400 respondents using questionnaires and observational checklists, with analysis conducted through descriptive statistics and Independent Samples t-test. The findings revealed that CCTV surveillance systems are the most widely deployed technology (37.3%), followed by mobile security applications, biometric systems, and smart sensors, while drone usage remains limited. Despite moderate adoption, most technologies operate as isolated systems with limited integration and infrastructural support. Effectiveness ratings indicate that over half of respondents perceive these technologies as effective to extremely effective in preventing security threats, although notable proportions reported only moderate or low effectiveness due to operational constraints. The t-test results confirmed a statistically significant difference in perceived safety between destinations with and without emerging technologies (t = 10.94, p < 0.05), demonstrating their positive impact on tourist safety. The study concludes that while emerging technologies enhance surveillance, response efficiency, and visitor confidence, their full potential is constrained by poor integration, inadequate training, and infrastructural deficits. Strategic investment in smart, integrated systems is therefore essential for sustainable tourism security.
Assessing Monitoring Strategy for Promoting Quality Assurance in Adult Education Programmes in South-South, Nigeria
This study assessed monitoring strategy for promoting quality assurance in adult education programmes in South-South, Nigeria. One research question and one hypothesis were formulated for the study. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised 1926 respondents (36 directors; 360 supervisors; and 1530 facilitators of State Agencies for Mass Education (SAMEs) in South-South, Nigeria. A sample of 702 respondents (36 directors, 360 supervisors and 306 facilitators) was drawn for the study using proportionate stratified sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was the structured questionnaire developed by the researchers titled “Assessing Monitoring Strategy for Promoting Quality Assurance in Adult Education Programmes Questionnaire” (AMSPQAAEPQ). Three experts validated the instruments, two from the Department of Adult Education and Extra-Mural Studies and one from the Department of Science Education (Measurement and Evaluation Unit), all in the Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. A reliability coefficient of 0.84 was established as a measure of internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha statistic. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation in testing research questions while ANOVA was used in testing hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study showed among others that the inadequacies of monitoring strategy were numerous and spanned across the monitoring strategy in South-South, Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that monitoring officials should regularly monitor the teaching and learning in mass literacy, adult and non-formal education centres to enhance the effective implementation of adult education programmes
Population Growth and Forest Resources Exploitation in Ikom Education Zone, Cross River State, Nigeria
The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between population growth and forest resources exploitation in Ikom education zone, Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of the study, one research question was posed and one null hypothesis was formulated at .05 level of significant. The study adopted survey research design. The population of this study comprised 1,089,053 rural dwellers in the four selected areas (Boki, Etung, Ikom & Obubura, local government areas) Sample size of 659 rural dwellers was selected for the study using purposive and proportionate sample technique; purposive sample technique was used to select the sample. This technique was applied to select only 4 out of 6 local government Areas in the study area, the sample size was proportioned among the communities based on the ratio of their various populations. Questionnaire was used to collect data for the study, and was administered to 659 rural dwellers (336 male and 323 female) in only four different local government areas. The reliability coefficient, which ranges from .71- .85 was determined using Cronbach Alpha Statistics. Data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and multiple regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The finding of the study showed a significant relationship between population growth and forest resources exploitation in Ikom education Zone, Cross River State, Nigeria. Based on the result of the study, recommendation were made which include; Family planning education and services should be made accessible to the local population to help manage population growth and reduce pressure on forest resources.
Tourism Infrastructure Accessibility as a Predictor of Community Participation in Tourism Activities in Cross River State
This study is on Tourism Infrastructure Accessibility as a Predictor of Community Participation in Tourism Activities in Cross River State, Nigeria. To ensure a good work, the researcher formulated two hypotheses in line with the objectives of the study. The population of the study consisted of 315,441 local community members, tourism stakeholders, and government officials in Cross River State, Nigeria. The research design for this study was a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative research techniques to provide a comprehensive assessment of the role of tourism infrastructure development in promoting community inclusivity in Cross River State. A sample size of 384 local community members was determined using the Taro Yamane formula, ensuring a representative sample. Additionally, key stakeholders were selected through purposive sampling for the semi structured interviews, ensuring that their perspectives and experiences were captured. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. findings established that accessible tourism infrastructure significantly enhances community participation in tourism activities, emphasizing the importance of investing in transportation networks and other related facilities. Such investments reduce barriers, enabling local communities to actively engage in and benefit from tourism development initiatives. Additionally, the research demonstrated that involving local communities in the planning and development of tourism infrastructure positively impacts socio-economic growth and cultural preservation. State hinges on improving infrastructure accessibility and fostering active community involvement. The researcher recommended among others that Tourism developers and local authorities should adopt participatory planning models that actively engage local communities in the development and management of tourism infrastructure
Gully Erosion and Its Implications for Tourism Infrastructure and Socio-Economic Activities in Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examines gully erosion and its implications for tourism infrastructure and socioeconomic activities in Cross River State, Nigeria, with particular emphasis on (i) the socioeconomic activities contributing to gully erosion and (ii) the spatial distribution and severity of gully erosion in the study area and (iii) How do gully erosion and associated socioeconomic activities affect tourism infrastructure, accessibility, and destination image. The population of the study comprised 8,921 stakeholders drawn from erosion-prone and tourismactive communities, including residents, tourism operators, and institutional stakeholders within Cross River State. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, integrating structured questionnaire surveys, field observations, spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and secondary data sources. A multi-stage probability sampling technique was used to select a sample of 400 respondents, ensuring representativeness and minimizing selection bias. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and spatial analytical techniques in line with the research objectives. Findings revealed that major socio-economic drivers of gully erosion include deforestation, sand mining, agricultural land expansion, farming on steep slopes, urbanization, quarrying, and poor waste disposal practices, indicating that human land-use activities are the primary contributors to environmental degradation in the study area. The study further found that gully erosion is spatially clustered, widespread, and severe, with multiple active erosion sites characterized by increasing depth, width, and expansion rates, many of which are located in proximity to tourism corridors and infrastructure. The study concludes that socio-economic activities significantly contribute to the intensification of gully erosion, while the spatial pattern of erosion poses serious threats to tourism infrastructure, accessibility, and destination sustainability. It recommends strengthened land-use regulation, integrated environmental management, and the application of GIS-based monitoring systems to mitigate erosion risks and promote sustainable tourism development in Cross River State.
Knowledge of Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies among Primary School Teachers: Implications for Sustainable Development in Cross River State
This study focused on assessing climate change knowledge and mitigation strategies among primary school teachers in Cross River State, Nigeria. Three research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study, which adopted the descriptive survey research design. Out of the population of 17,284 Public Primary School teachers in Cross River State, a sample of 384 teachers was drawn for the study through multi-stage sampling procedure involving simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Data in the study were collected using Climate Change Knowledge Test (CCKT) and Climate Change Mitigation Strategies Questionnaire (CCMSQ) developed by the researchers and validated by three experts in relevant fields. After trial-testing the instruments, the reliability of the CCKT was determined using K-R20, which yielded a reliability index of .77 while Cronbach’s Alpha was used in estimating the reliability of the CCMSQ, which yielded an index of .75. Data collected for the study were analysed using mean and standard deviation for answering research questions. Findings showed that primary school teachers possessed low knowledge of climate change (Mean = 8.45, SD= 2.26). The result also showed that primary school teachers possessed low knowledge of mitigation strategies for climate change (Mean = 2.02, SD= 0.96). Additionally, lack of training for teachers on climate-related topics, insufficient teaching materials, and the absence of clear policy guidelines for incorporating climate change into teaching were identified as challenges of climate change education. Based on these findings, it was recommended among others, that regular professional development workshops should be organised for teachers to enhance their understanding of climate change and mitigation strategies. The government should integrate climate change education into the primary school curriculum, with clear guidelines and resources for teachers.
Cultural Festivals and Transportation-Related Activities as Determinants of Environmental Sustainability in the Southern Senatorial District of Cross River State, Nigeria.
This research examined the relationship between cultural festivals, transportation-related activities, and environmental sustainability in the Southern Senatorial District of Cross River State, Nigeria, with a population of 1,867,540 residents (NPC, 2024). The study was guided by two key variables of tourism development cultural festivals and transportation-related activities—as predictors of environmental sustainability. These variables were formulated into research questions and hypotheses to guide the investigation. Relevant literature was reviewed in line with the variables of the study. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 692 respondents was selected from communities within the study area using purposive sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled “Cultural Festivals, Transportation Activities and Environmental Sustainability Questionnaire” (CFTAESQ). The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha method. Data collected were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that both cultural festivals and transportation-related activities have significant relationships with environmental sustainability in the study area. Based on the findings, it was recommended among other that sustainable practices should be integrated into the organization of cultural festivals, including waste reduction, energy conservation, and eco-friendly transportation systems.
Visa Policy Reforms and International Tourist Arrivals in Cross River State, Nigeria: Assessing Effects and Associated Challenges
This study critically examined visa policy and tourism development, with specific focus on Cross River State, one of Nigeria’s foremost tourism destinations, endowed with rich cultural heritage, ecotourism resources, and internationally recognized events such as the Calabar Carnival. Two research hypotheses were developed for the study in line with the objective of the study. A mixed method research design was adopted for the study. The study population consists of all international tourist and visitors to Cross River State, Nigeria, during the specific period which is six-month period (July to December 2025). The sample size was 211 respondents. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and supplemented with key informant interviews involving tourism stakeholders, visitors, and relevant officials across selected tourism destinations and urban centers in Cross River State. The data were analyzed using Pearson Product moment correlation Analysis. The findings of the study revealed that visa policy plays a significant role in shaping tourism development outcomes in Cross River State. Liberal visa measures, particularly electronic visa systems and visa facilitation arrangements, were found to positively influence international tourist arrivals, enhance the attractiveness of the state to foreign investors, and improve its global tourism image. However, the study also identified persistent challenges, including bureaucratic bottlenecks such as lengthy processing times, inconsistent policy implementation, limited awareness of visa reforms, and concerns related to security and infrastructure, which continue to constrain the full realization of tourism growth. The study concludes that while Nigeria’s visa policy reforms provide a viable framework for tourism development, their impact remains limited without effective implementation, inter-agency coordination, and complementary investments in tourism infrastructure and destination marketing. Therefore, the study recommends among others that the government should streamline visa requirements and reduce bureaucratic bottlenecks to make travel into Nigeria, and by extension Cross River State, more convenient for international tourists.
Evaluating the Nigeria Visa Policy on Tourism Development in Cross River State, Nigeria
This study evaluated the influence of Nigeria’s visa policy on tourism development in Cross River State, a leading cultural and eco-tourism destination. It examined how entry regulations shape international visitor flows and tourism-related investments. A mixed interpretive approach was adopted, combining empirical survey data with a review of recent literature on visa facilitation and tourism performance. Findings show that Nigeria’s visa policy exerts both enabling and constraining effects. While it supports seasonal inflows, particularly during major events, persistent barriers—such as long processing times, high fees, complex procedures, and weak digital systems—limit its overall effectiveness. Comparative evidence indicates that destinations with simplified, predictable, and technology-driven visa systems record higher tourist arrivals, longer stays, and stronger investment inflows. The results further reveal that visa inefficiencies reduce destination competitiveness and weaken international perception. The study recommends reforms focused on simplification, affordability, digital integration, policy consistency, and alignment with tourism development strategies to enhance accessibility, improve visitor experience, and support sustainable tourism growth in Cross River State and Nigeria at large.
Tourism And Economic Development: An Examination of Obudu Cattle Ranch and Its Impact on Host Communities
The study examined the economic significance of Obudu Cattle Ranch on its host community. Two, research questions were raised while two hypotheses developed in line with the specific objectives of the study. The study employed a descriptive survey research design was employed in ensuring the better end result in the study. The data for the study was generated using a researchers designed instrument titled "Ranch Economic Impact Questionnaire" REIQ as well as direct interviews ro the inhabitants of the range and it environ. The population of the study was 4,215 inhabitants of Bachere community in Obanliku LGA of Cross River State. The sample of the study was 163 respondents selected using purposive sampling technique. Data collected was analyzed using simple linear regression analysis, tested at a 0.05 significance level. The results showed that Obudu Cattle Ranch generates revenue, creates jobs, and promotes local economic development. The researcher by the virtue of the results in this study recommended among others that State government and tourism development stakeholders invest in infrastructure development as well as promotional activities to enhance tourist arrivals and revenue generation.
Rural Electrification and Food Security Programmes in Tourism-Oriented Rural Development and Environmental Sustainability in Cross River State, Nigeria
The study is on Rural Electrification and Food Security Programmes in Tourism-Oriented Rural Development and Environmental Sustainability in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study examined Rural Electrification and Food Security Programmes with particular emphasis on their relevance to tourism development and environmental conservation. The population of the study comprised residents of selected communities across the three education zones of Cross River State, while a sample was drawn using stratified and accidental sampling techniques to ensure adequate representation of respondents. A survey research design was adopted, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled “Environmental Sustainability through Rural Electrification and Food Security Programmes Questionnaire (ESREFSPQ)”. Data obtained were analyzed using simple regression at 0.05 level of significance. Findings from the study revealed that all the rural development programme variables exhibited relatively high mean values, indicating widespread implementation and perceived relevance within the study area. Hypothesis testing results revealed that there is a significant relationship between tourism-oriented rural development programmes such as Rural Electrification and Food Security Programmes and environmental sustainability in Cross River State. These findings imply that effective implementation of rural development programmes can enhance environmental quality, preserve natural attractions, and support sustainable tourism development in the study area. The study concluded that tourism-oriented rural development programmes such as Rural Electrification and Food Security Programmes afford important role in promoting environmental sustainability and enhancing the viability of tourism resources in Cross River State, Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommended among other that Rural electrification initiatives should prioritize renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental degradation. This can help ensure sustainable energy access for rural communities
Tourism-Driven Rural Development and Environmental Sustainability in Cross River State, Nigeria: Assessing Infrastructure development and Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Cross River State
The study accessed Tourism-Driven Rural Development and Environmental Sustainability in Cross River State, Nigeria: Assessing Infrastructure Policies and Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Cross River State. The study examined key rural development interventions including rural infrastructural development and poverty alleviation, with particular emphasis on their relevance to tourism development and environmental conservation. The target population comprised residents of selected communities across the three education zones of Cross River State, while a sample was drawn using stratified and accidental sampling techniques to ensure adequate representation of respondents. A survey research design was adopted, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled “Rural Development Programmes and Environmental Sustainability Questionnaire (RDPESQ)”. Data obtained were analyzed using simple regression at 0.05 level of significance. Findings from the study revealed that all the rural development programme variables exhibited relatively high mean values, indicating widespread implementation and perceived relevance within the study area.. Hypothesis testing results revealed that there is a significant relationship between tourism oriented rural development programmes such as Infrastructure development and Poverty Alleviation and environmental sustainability in Cross River State. These findings imply that effective implementation of rural development programmes can enhance environmental quality, preserve natural attractions, and support sustainable tourism development in the study area. The study concluded that tourism-oriented rural development programmes such as Infrastructure development and Poverty Alleviation play a critical role in promoting environmental sustainability and enhancing the viability of tourism resources in Cross River State, Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommended among other that poverty alleviation initiatives should incorporate environmental sustainability components, such as training on sustainable livelihoods and environmental conservation, to empower rural communities. This can help reduce poverty while promoting environmental sustainability
Environmental Sustainability Through Communication Channels: The Role of Community Education and Print Media in Forest Conservation in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State
The research is on environmental sustainability through communication channels: The role of community education and print media in forest conservation in Itu local government area of Akwa Ibom State. To achieve these two hypotheses were formulated in line with the study objectives. A descriptive survey design was used in this work. The population of this study consisted of all the of all residents of in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Based on projected figures, the population of in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State is approximately 244,624 people. The study adopted a multi-stage sampling approach involving, simple random and purposive sampling techniques. A simple random sampling technique was utilized to select participants. The sample of this study consist of two hundred and twelve (212) respondents drawn from seven (7) communities in Itu Local Government Area. The instrument used for data collection in the study is a structured questionnaire tagged Communication as Tool for Sustainability Questionnaire (CTSQ). The data obtained from the questionnaire was duly coded and subjected to statistical analysis as follows; Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Each hypothesis was tested at 0.5 level of significance. The results of the analysis revealed that there is a significant relationship between community education and print media and forest conservation in Itu local government area of Akwa Ibom State. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among other that the Ministry of Environment and Forestry should strengthen and expand community education programs to promote forest conservation practices among local residents, building on the significant relationship between community education and forest conservation.
The Contributions of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and its Effect to Economic Development in South-South, Nigeria
The study investigated the effect of the contributions of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) to economic development in South-South, Nigeria. One research question and one hypothesis were formulated for the study. The sequential explanatory mixed method (Quantitative and Qualitative) design was adopted for this study. The population of this study comprised 10,123 respondents (3,356 youth associations executives; 6,310 registered Community Development (CD) associations/committee executives; and 457 NDDC staff) in South-South, Nigeria. The sample for this study was 478 respondents which comprised 129 Youth Associations’ Executives;133 Registered CD Associations/Committee Executives; and 222 NDDC staff across the four selected States in South-South Nigeria (Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Delta and Rivers). The instrument for data collection was self questionnaire titled; “Economic Development Questionnaire (EDQ). Three experts validated the instruments, two from the Department of Adult Education and Extra-Mural Studies and one from the Department of Science Education (Measurement and Evaluation Unit), all in the Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. A reliability coefficient of 0.87 was established as a measure of internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha statistic. Data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation in testing research question while ANOVA was used in testing hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings from the study revealed among others that Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) has contributed to economic development to a low extent in South-South, Nigeria. Following the findings of this study, it was recommended among others that NDDC should put more efforts in terms of creating more employment opportunities for youths, establishment of skill acquisition centres, and youth empowerment programmes among others in South-South of Nigeria, in order to ensure economic development in the area.
Institutional factors and mental health challenges among students in the University of Calabar, Nigeria.
This study adopted correlational design to established the relationship between school related factors ( in term of lecturer student relationship and school counselling)and mental health of students in University of Calabar, Nigeria. Two research questions were posed which were translated into two null hypotheses. The population for the study consists of all the twenty-six thousand four hundred and thirty-four (26,434) undergraduate students across twenty-four (24) faculties and one hundred and sixteen (116) departments for the 2023/2024 academic session. In University of Calabar of which a sample of 228 were selected via stratified and simple random sampling techniques. The instruments titled “School Related Factors and Mental Health Challenges (SRFMHCQ).” was developed by the researcher and validated by experts and used for data collection. The reliability of the questionnaire using Alpha Cronbach Method gives an average index of .85. The hypotheses were tested using Pearson Product Moment .Correlation Coefficient at .05 level of significance.. The findings of the study revealed that school related factors (in term of lecturer student relationship and school counselling) significantly relate with mental health of students in University of Calabar, Nigeria . It was therefore concluded that mental health of students in University of Calabar, Nigeria depends on lecturer student relationship and school counselling. Based on finding and conclusion of the study, it was recommended amongst others that the university should strengthen its counseling services by increasing the number of qualified counselors, providing training on mental health issues, and promoting awareness of available resources among students.
School variables and mental health challenges among students in the University of Calabar, Nigeria.
This study employed a correlational design to examine the relationship between school variables—specifically academic workload and classroom conditions—and the mental health of students at the University of Calabar, Nigeria. Two research questions were formulated, which were translated into two null hypotheses. The study's population consisted of twentysix thousand four hundred and thirty-four (26,434) undergraduate students across twenty-four (24) faculties and one hundred and sixteen (116) departments for the 2023/2024 academic session. A sample of 228 students was selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. The data collection instrument, titled “School Variables and Mental Health Challenges” (SVMHCQ), was developed by the researcher and validated by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire, assessed using the Cronbach Alpha method, yielded an average index of 0.83. The hypotheses were tested using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient at a significance level of 0.05. The findings revealed a significant relationship between school variables (academic workload and classroom conditions) and the mental health of students at the University of Calabar, Nigeria. It was concluded that the mental health of students is influenced by their academic workload and classroom conditions. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, it is recommended that institutions review and manage academic workloads to ensure they are reasonable and manageable. This approach would help reduce student stress and promote a healthy balance between academic responsibilities and personal well-being.
Spatial Analysis of Socio-Economic Drivers of Gully Erosion and Their Implications for Tourism Development in Cross River State, Nigeria
This study explores the spatial analysis of socio-economic drivers of gully erosion and their implications for tourism development in Cross River State, Nigeria. The researcher identified and categorize the socio-economic activities contributing to gully erosion in selected LGAs of Cross River State and Map and analyze the spatial extent and intensity of gully erosion using remote sensing and GIS tools. The researcher therefore made use of two research questions and two hypotheses in line with the specific objectives of this study A mixed methods design was adopted, integrating spatial analysis of erosion-prone areas, surveys of key tourism stakeholders, focus group discussions, interviews with government officials, and econometric modeling to assess the economic implications of erosion on tourism. Out of the 388 questionnaires distributed, 362 were validly retrieved, representing a 93.3% response rate. analyzed using both descriptive and spatial analytical techniques in line with the research objectives. The analysis was carried out using GIS report, descriptive statistics and simple Linear regression. The findings revealed that socio-economic activities such as deforestation, sand mining, agricultural expansion, urbanization, and infrastructural development are the major drivers of gully erosion in Cross River State. Spatial analysis showed that erosion is both widespread and spatially clustered, with many high-risk zones located close to key tourism destinations. This interaction underscores the strong link between human land-use practices, environmental degradation, and tourism vulnerability. Consequently, gully erosion has led to severe road damage, reduced accessibility, loss of scenic landscape quality, and declining visitor satisfaction, all of which contribute to reduced tourist inflow and weakened tourism performance. The study concluded that weak policy implementation, poor environmental management, inadequate funding, and heavy reliance on land-based livelihoods exacerbate the persistence and severity of erosion. These challenges hinder effective control measures and threaten sustainable tourism development. Sequel to the indings in the study, the researchers recommended among other, the integrated spatial planning and erosion control for tourism sustainability: By this, GIS-based land-use planning approach should be adopted to guide the location and development of tourism infrastructure away from high-risk erosion zones.
Effect Of Blended Teaching Approach on Students’ Engagement in Civic Education in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria
This study adopted a pretest-posttest control quasi-experimental design to examine the effect of a blended teaching approach on students’ engagement in Civic Education in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. Two research questions were posed, which were translated into two null hypotheses. Purposive sampling was used to select four co-educational schools, resulting in a sample of one hundred and eight (108) students: 52 students in the experimental group (24 males and 28 females) and 56 students in the control group (26 males and 30 females). One instrument titled “Civic Education Engagement Rating Scale Questionnaire (CEERSQ)” was developed by the researcher and validated by experts. This instrument was used for data collection as both a pre-test (PRE-CEERSQ) and a post-test (POST-CEERSQ). The reliability of the CEERSQ was established using the Cronbach Alpha Reliability Method after subjecting the instrument to a trial test with 40 SS2 students who were not part of the sample but shared relevant qualities. The reliability coefficient obtained was .89. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistics (mean), while the hypotheses were tested using One-Way Analysis of Covariance for the second hypothesis. Both analyses were conducted at a .05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between the mean engagement scores of students learning Civic Education through the blended teaching approach and those taught using the traditional lecture method. Additionally, male and female students significantly differed in their mean engagement scores in Civic Education when taught using the blended teaching approach. It is therefore recommended, among other things, that schools should incorporate blended learning methodologies that combine online and face-to-face instruction. This integration can enhance student engagement and cater to diverse learning styles.